I have recently been reading about the history of various
religions of the world, and something that seems to have
caused a lot of trouble over the centuries has been the
tendency to expect and/or look for infallibility, either in
human leaders/founders, or in holy writings. This tendency
also seems to have led to exaggeration with regard to
supernatural events. The whole thing seems so terribly
pointless, especially when one considers all of the
problems that have resulted from it.
We have dealt elsewhere with the rather hollow attempts by
various Christian denominations to claim infallibility on the
behalf of the Bible, when even the Bible itself does not make
such a claim. The Bible does say that all holy writings
(’scriptures’) are “inspired”, but no mention is made of
infallibility, nor does it establish the bounds of what
constitutes a holy writing and what does not. Nevertheless,
most Protestant denominations say (or imply) that it relates
to every word of the 66 books of the Bible (preferably the
King James Version for many), and to absolutely nothing
else. They further argue that “inspired” (because it means
that the words come from the Spirit of God in the person
writing them) necessarily implies infallibility.
Common sense tells us that these conclusions represent
incredible leaps of logic.
It is part and parcel of the message of the New Testament
that “inspiration” (or the presence of the Spirit of God in an
individual) is now available to all believers. Indeed, we
regularly talk of being inspired to do various things, and of
inspired sermons, inspired songs, and inspired writings.
Yet there is no suggestion that all of this inspiration implies
infallibility on the part of any person being referred to.
Most of us are able to accept quite easily that we are
surrounded by people who are capable of both good and
evil, moments of great inspiration as well as moments of
great error. Even in the midst of the inspired moments, we
generally consider ourselves free to pick and choose which
aspects of the sermon, song, or writing we will embrace,
and which we will reject.
So why can’t we do this with our holy books as well? I have
frequently been told that such an approach to the Bible
would be dangerous, because people would then be free to
take the parts that suit them, and to reject the parts that do
not. But, hey, isn’t that what people do already? All the talk
about infallibility in the Bible has not resulted in widespread
agreement on what it is saying. Instead, it has been used
as the basis for arguing some of the most spurious
teachings, based on an absolute literal approach to any
isolated “proof text”. Anyone questioning the teaching is
seen as wanting to rip that proof text out of the Bible, and
thus of being a heretic.
Of course every fundamentalist (for that is what these
infallibility teachers really are) reverts back to a
non-fundamentalist approach with regard to the proof texts
used by the opposition… which is why you can often listen to
a debate between two fundamentalist factions and never
hear either side give a truly satisfying answer to the proof
texts raised by the opposition. Neither side is really
interested in getting the bigger picture, because they have
been so heavily steeped in a doctrine which actually
originated from some other source. As a consequence,
they will only cling to those bits and pieces that support their
doctrine, and usually have very little problem with simply
closing their ears to the rest.
But I wasn’t going to dwell on Christian fundamentalists in
this article. I was going to note how the same attitude has
worked in other religions, and, more importantly, how it
frustrates efforts to see how God may be working through
virtually all religions to accomplish his will in today’s
world.
Muslims have been called “The People of the Book”
because of their dedication to the Qu’ran (or Koran), a book
that was supposed to have been miraculously given to them
by their prophet Muhammad. Muhammad himself, was
unable to read or write, and so he would memorise sayings
that he felt were coming to him through inspiration, and
teach his followers to memorise them as well. It was quite
some time before all of these were recorded in the book
which is now known as the Qu’ran. Yet the book is treated
with such honour that a true Muslim would not even
translate it into any other language than the language in
which it was originally written (Arabic). While some
Christians behave as though God, Jesus, and all of the
prophets of the past spoke only in King James English,
strict Muslims officially teach that the language of God is
Arabic.
Once again, we see how a doctrine of infallibility about a
book works to trap God inside its pages, and to negate so
much that he may be doing elsewhere, especially if it takes
a slightly different slant on some issues. If, for example,
Muhammad (or Krishna, in the Baghavad Gita) talks of
going to war, and another prophet happens to espouse a
higher ethic (that of turning the other cheek and loving our
enemies), the other prophet must, of necessity, be treated
with suspicion. Each time someone mentions infallibility,
they are implying that there can be no higher revelation. And
anything seen to contradict the infallible revelation pretty
much has to be seen as being in error.
Even attempts at picking the best from various other
religions (whether it be the Sikhs drawing on Islam and
Hinduism, or the Bahais taking bits from all of the world’s
great religions) often result in yet more “packages” that get
the same infallibility treatment. The Bahai idea of uniting that
which is good in all religions is a commendable one. But
they still take an “ultimate” approach to their founder,
assuming that he is a step up from all the rest. I personally
find this frustrating when I see that the ethic Jesus taught
goes far beyond that taught by their prophet.
There is this tendency for each religion to see itself as not
only an improvement on all of the others, but also as the last
and ultimate improvement, i.e the final step to perfection or
infallibility. This tendency really stifles their ability to grow
and prosper according to the will of God.
I have to admit that I do see God himself as infallible, and I
also see Jesus as His ultimate revelation. I have no
problem with calling Jesus the Son of God, accepting the
Virgin Birth, his resurrection, or even that he is worthy of
worship in the same way that we worship God. But I think
there is room even here to understand that such concepts
are fairly pointless in the real world. What matters most is
whether or not what he said actually works, and not some
theological argument about his divinity/infallibility or lack of
it.
If, for example, “infallibility” means that Jesus never wet the
bed as an infant, never harboured germs in his body, or
never missed a question on tests at school, then I think we
are taking it too far. The Bible says that Jesus “learned
obedience through the things that he suffered”. In fact, it is
quite likely that it was his human-ness that made it so hard
for Jesus’ friends and relatives to accept the Spirit of God
that was working through him in his adult life. As he said
himself, “A prophet is not without honour except in his own
house and amongst his own people.”
I see things like Jesus more or less blowing up at the
businessmen in the Temple in the best possible light… as
an expression of loyalty to God, and not one of hatred for
either the money changers or the animals that were being
sold there; but I can understand others saying that this
seems to be an instance of him losing his cool, and thus
behaving in a less than perfect manner.
I say that to underline the need to do the same thing with
Muhammad, Baha’ Ullah (founder of the Bahais),
Siddhartha Gautama (’the buddha’), Confucius, and many
lesser religious founders and leaders, whether it be Joseph
Smith, Ellen White, Charles Russell, William Branham, or
even myself. Not that I am in the same field as these other
people, but just that it is important that no one teach a
standard for others that we would not wish to have applied
to ourselves.
It seems to be the nature of fallible human beings
everywhere, to overstep our divine authority. Joan of Arc
heard God speaking to her through some church bells, and
the result appeared to be somewhat miraculous. She, a
young girl posing as a military commander, led her country
to victory in battle after battle (an imperfect mission in itself,
in my opinion). But then she stopped hearing the voices,
and she went on trying to do the will of God. Her
accomplishments from that point on were not nearly as
dramatic, and actually led to her execution.
Was Joan a fraud? Or was she just an imperfect human
being doing her best with her limited understanding of the
will of God? And was God even prepared to assist her at the
level of spiritual growth that she represented?
Stories like the miraculous (though disappearing) gold
tablets that Joseph Smith was supposed to have used to
write the Book of Mormon abound with regard to the sacred
writings of various religions. They tend to push people into
an all-or-nothing approach to the writings as well as to the
lives and ministries of the people concerned. Was the story
about the gold tablets an elaborate hoax to generate an air
of infallibility about the book? Or could it have been
something that really happened, maybe even something
that God felt was necessary in order to get Joseph to do
what he wanted him to do?
The Catholic Church has protected itself (at least slightly) by
refusing to declare anyone a “saint” (which really just
means a Christian believer) while that person is still alive. In
other words, there are no “living legends” in the Catholic
Church. People are allowed to take or leave any living
Catholic, including (within limits) the pope himself.
(Infallibility is something only a few popes have claimed,
and only on rare occasions.) But this whole business of
waiting until after a person is dead for some years before
deciding whether they are a true believer seems to be a
practice which has only been made necessary by giving
credence to the infallibility thing itself. Why can’t people be
saints, prophets, even founders of new religions, and still
be quite fallible… maybe even downright wrong or bad at
times?
It should be the right (indeed, the duty) of every believer, to
do a bit of picking and choosing to work out what is right and
what is wrong in every religion. Sure, you can do it selfishly.
And what you get will be exactly what you pay for. On the
other hand, if one makes great effort to be honest and
unselfish, this picking and choosing can get us closer to the
real thing than the all-or-nothing approach ever will.
Jesus himself said, “You can be forgiven for rejecting me,
but you can never be forgiven for rejecting the Spirit of God.” I
think he was saying that it is the responsibility of each of us
to extract the truth (i.e. the Spirit of God) from everything that
we experience, without necessarily having to embrace the
messenger through whom the truth comes.
Dave McKay and his wife, Cherry, are co-founders of the
Jesus Christian communities in Australia, Kenya, England,
and the United States. He may be contacted directly at
fold@idl.net.au. The community’s website is jesuschristians.com